Начало эксплуатации военно-транспортного турбовинтового самолета Ан-22 в 1965 г. ознаменовало новый этап в противостоянии СССР и США в Холодной войне. Этот тяжелый военно-транспортный самолет, способный поднимать нагрузку до 88.45 тонн, вынудил США удвоить усилия, что привело к появлению турбореактивного Lockheed C-5A Galaxy. Новый военно-транспортный самолет существенно увеличил возможности США в области стратегических перевозок по сравнению по сравнению со своим противником, а эту ситуацию СССР не мог оставить без внимания. 21 июля 1966 г. ЦК КПСС выпустил постановление, в котором было сформулировано требование к транспортному самолету, способному перевозить 100-120 тонн полезной нагрузки.
Спустя месяц первая из двух директив (вторая последовала в сентябре) была выдана Киевскому механическому заводу (так в то время называлось КБ Антонова), согласно которой требовалось создать турбореактивный самолет, превосходящий по характеристикам С-5А. Главный конструктор КБ А. Я. Белолипецкий возглавил группу конструкторов, которая изначально рассматривала проекты со стреловидным крылом, Т-образным оперением, а также четырьмя турбореактивными двигателями, при этом фюзеляж Ан-22 оставался прежним. Обозначенный Ан-122, новый проект позволял перевезти 80 тонн груза на дальность 3500 км. В октябре 1967 г. О. К. Антонов и В. Ф. Ерошин передали проект в Военно-промышленную комиссию при Совете министров СССР, но он был быстро отвергнут, так как не давал значительных преимуществ по сравнению с Ан-22 и все еще отставал от своего американского конкурента.
Стали разрабатываться альтернативные проекты, и к середине 1968 г. Антонов остановился на двух проектах, получивших наименование Ан-124 и Ан-126, которые могли перевозить 120 и 140 тонн груза соответственно. Оба проекта отличались использованием самых современных из имеющихся технологий, Ан-126 отличался шестью двигателями и открывающейся вверх носовой частью. Однако правительство решило, что разработка шестидвигательного самолета представляет собой высокий технологический риск, и он был отвергнут в пользу менее крупного Ан-124 с четырьмя двигателями.
Рождение Ан-124
Перед группой «антоновцев» была поставлена масштабная задача не только создать самолет, но самолет, чья полезная нагрузка в два раза превышала бы таковую у предшественника. Кроме того, они должны были сократить количество человеко-часов, требовавшихся на обслуживание, а также повысить эксплуатационную автономность. Работа над проектом велась в конце 1960-х – начале 1970-х гг., а полноразмерный макет был создан в 1973 г. Однако обнаружилось, что различные аспекты программы не соответствуют общей задаче, и работы были приостановлены. Так как программа продвигался медленно, то в 1976 г. Олег Антонов решил полностью пересмотреть проект. Он переформулировал цели всей программы и выпустил новое техническое задание, которые были также утверждены ЦК КПСС и Советом министров. Чтобы отличить предыдущий вариант Ан-124 от нового, ему было дано имя «Руслан».
Работы возобновились, и инженеры сосредоточили свои усилия на крупном крыле самолета. Мнения разделились. Одна часть проектировщиков считала, что крыло должно быть традиционным стреловидным с тонким профилем, другие ратовали за сверхкритичный профиль, который считался шагом вперед. Он позволял применить более толстое крыло без увеличения аэродинамического сопротивления, кроме того, его было легче произвести, а дополнительный объем позволял увеличить запас топлива и дальность полета. Основным аргументом против сверхкритичного крыла был следующий: оно никогда раньше не использовалась на советских самолетах и представляло из себя довольно высокий технический риск. Но Олег Антонов решил, что преимущества того стоят, и одобрил данный проект.
Из-за размеров предложенного проекта Ан-124 также считалось, что самолету необходима электродистанционная система управления (ЭДСУ), которая позволяла управлять крупным самолетом на всех режимах полета. Конструкторы потратили много времени с целью определения размеров грузовой кабины, составляя любую возможную комбинацию военных и гражданских грузов на специально созданном для этого стенде. И снова Олег Антонов в конечном счете зафиксировал размеры грузового отсека, ширина которого составила 6,4 м. Другими одобренными особенностями конструкции стала задняя рампа и откидывающаяся носовая часть прямо перед пилотской кабиной, которая позволяла производить сквозные погрузочные работы. При этом носовое шасси могло «приседать», тем самым облегчая погрузку крупногабаритных грузов. С целью облегчения транспортировки груза в объемном грузовом отсеке на борту были установлены два крана грузоподъемностью 5 т, встроенные в конструкцию самолета.
Как только были утверждены общие размеры Ан-124, также был одобрен двухпалубный фюзеляж, причем каждая палуба имела свою систему герметизации. Все отсеки с оборудованием были сгруппированы на верхней палубе за пилотской кабиной, что позволяло устранять неисправности на земле или в полете. Антонов обратился к запорожскому КБ «Прогресс» с просьбой разработать двигатель для самолета. КБ под руководством главного конструктора В. А. Лотарева разработало двигатель Д-18Т с тягой 23 кН, то есть больше, чем у двигателя General Electric TF39-GE-1, установленном на C-5A Galaxy. Спроектированный в первую очередь как военный транспортный самолет, Ан-124 был оснащен двумя независимыми вспомогательными силовыми установками, установленными с каждого борта в обтекателях основных стоек шасси, которые позволяли запускать все двигатели одновременно.
Постройка могучего «Руслана»
Постройке первого прототипа Ан-124 предшествовала обширная программа по совершенствованию и опытным испытаниям отдельных узлов. В беспрецедентно короткие сроки было испытано около 3500 узлов, которые использовались при создании полномасштабного испытательного стенда. Для статических испытаний отдельных узлов, которые проходили на Киевском механическом заводе КБ Антонова, было потрачено более 60 тыс. часов.
Сборка первого прототипа Ан-124 началась на Киевском авиационном заводе в 1979 г., почти в то же время приступили к перевооружению производства для выпуска серийных самолетов. Для выпуска Ан-124 было привлечено почти 100 подрядчиков, но основным партнером «антоновского» завода в Киеве стало Ташкентское авиационно-производственное объединение им. Чкалова (ТАПОиЧ). ТАПОиЧ отвечало за выпуск законцовок крыльев, центроплана и крупногабаритных шпангоутов фюзеляжа, которые в сборе перевозились из Ташкента в Киев на двух специально переоборудованных Ан-22. Постройка самолета близилась к завершению, однако двигатели еще не были поставлены. Разработка Д-18Т отставала от графика, и первые испытания на стенде были завершены буквально за три месяца до первого полета.
24 октября 1982 г. первый прототип был готов и на глазах приглашенных гостей и рабочих выкачен из производственного цеха с нестандартной регистрацией СССР-680125 (серийный номер 01-01). Из-за соображений безопасности первые рулежки и скоростные пробежки совершались в темное время суток. В ходе первых пробежек стало понятно, что двигатели еще находятся на ранних стадиях разработки и требуют еще много работы. Спустя два месяца прототип был отбуксирован на взлетную полосу заводского аэродрома Киев/Святошино и произвел серию скоростных пробежек при различных погодных условиях.
После их завершения он остался на полосе еще на два часа в ожидании улучшения погоды. Как только она улучшилась, заводские летчики-испытатели В. И. Терский и А. В. Галуненко решили вывести двигатели Д-18Т на полную мощность, и Ан-124 впервые взлетел. В ходе первого полета экипаж провел серию испытаний по определению устойчивости самолета и общей управляемости. Единственная проблема возникла в ходе посадки, когда в кабине пилотов стали ощущаться сильные вибрации от раскачивания («шимми») сдвоенного носового шасси, вызвавшие небольшие повреждения.
На первом этапе испытаний, в ходе которого был выполнен 141 полет общей продолжительностью 251 час, была обнаружена проблема, преследовавшая «Руслан» в первые годы. Низкая газодинамическая устойчивость двигателей Д-18Т, особенно на взлетном режиме, могла привести к помпажу и затем одновременной остановке двигателей. Спустя год после полета первого прототипа совершил свой первый полет второй прототип с регистрацией СССР-680345 (серийный номер 01-03). Затем регистрация поменялась на СССР-82002, и в мае 1985 г. самолет был представлен советским СМИ. Спустя две недели он дебютировал на Западе на Парижском авиационном салоне, после чего получил код НАТО «Condor».
В отчаянной попытке создать Ан-124 хорошую репутацию и опровергнуть западные мнения о возможностях самолета, Олег Антонов организовал серию рекордных полетов, призванных подтвердить сертификат самолета. 26 июля 1986 г. В. И. Терский с экипажем установили 21 новый рекорд в ходе одного полета первого прототипа, включая абсолютный рекорд по грузоподъемности и высоте: 171 219 кг были подняты на высоту 10 750 метров, что значительно превосходило все достижения C-5A Galaxy. Третий Ан-124 СССР-82005 (серийный номер 01-107) присоединился к программе испытаний, и это был первый самолет ульяновской постройки.
13 октября программу постиг тяжелый удар, когда второй прототип был потерян в катастрофе. В ходе испытаний на управляемость при максимальном динамическом давлении, столкновение с птицей вызвало разрушение носового обтекателя, за которым последовало разрушение носовой части, чьи обломки попали в двигатели. Не имея возможности вернуться на аэродром, самолет рухнул в лесу неподалеку от Киева, все находившиеся на борту погибли. К счастью, эта катастрофа не повлияла на программу испытаний, и 30 декабря 1992 г. Межгосударственный авиационный комитет выдал Ан-124 сертификат типа.
Начало эксплуатации
Изначально планами предусматривалась постройка первой партии Ан-124 в Киеве, но в 1983 советское правительство решило развернуть его производство в Ульяновске на Ульяновском авиационно-промышленном комплексе (теперь ОАО «Авиастар-СП»). Производство на первом этапе должно было составить 90 единиц.
Кроме первых шести экземпляров первой серии в Киеве должны были быть выпущены еще 30 самолетов второй, третьей и четвертой серий, но до переноса производства в Киеве выпустили только 17 серийных экземпляров. Один незаконченный планер оставался в Киеве в течение многих лет, но в 2002 г. российская авиакомпания «Атлант-Союз» приобрела достроенный самолет. Хотя в последний момент «Атлант-Союз» отказался от сделки, покупатель нашелся, и самолет был передан Министерству обороны ОАЭ, хотя и несет украинскую регистрацию UR-CCX (так в тексте, фактически UR-ZYD, как правильно указано в таблице – Перископ.2). Первым построенным в Ульяновске «Русланом» стал самолет с регистрацией СССР-82005 (заводской номер 9773054516003) , совершивший свой первый полет в октябре 1985 г.
Коммерческий вариант
Как только заказы военных сошли на нет, КБ Антонова быстро реализовало возможности Ан-124 по транспортировке тяжелых грузов на гражданском рынке грузовых перевозок. Изначально военные «Русланы» стали выполнять грузовые перевозки в интересах коммерческих операторов. Но без соответствующего сертификата типа и бортового оборудования, которое бы допускало безопасную эксплуатацию самолета в международном воздушном пространстве, международные авиационные власти запретили эксплуатацию самолета в гражданских целях. У КБ не оставалось иного варианта, как разработать модифицированный гражданский вариант. Работы по программе велись совместно с ОАО «Авиастар-СП».
В первую очередь с самолета было убрано все военное оборудование, кабина пилотов, полетное, радио и штурманское оборудование были доработаны. Производство первого гражданского варианта, получившего индекс Ан-124-100, началось на киевском заводе КБ Антонова «Авиант» в 1990 г. Первые два выпущенных самолета: СССР-82027 (заводской номер 19530502288) и СССР-82029 (заводской номер 19530502630) были привлечены к обширной программе летных испытаний, которая привела к получению сертификата типа.
Дальнейшие усовершенствования были внесены для соответствия правилам ИКАО, к которой присоединилась Россия. Они включали монтаж шумопоглощающих панелей в гондолы двигателей Д-18Т для соответствия требованиям Глав III и IV и установленных уровней эмиссии. В 1996-1997 гг. «Авиастар» начал работы по глубокой модернизации системы управления самолетом, включая установку системы глобального позиционирования 3М и системы предупреждения столкновения самолетов в воздухе TCAS-2000 производства компании Honeywell Electronics, а также системы предупреждения о столкновении с землей. Силовая установка самолета также прошла доработку в виде установки двигателей Д-18Т 3 серии, а численность экипажа «Руслана» сократилась с шести до четырех человек.
Авиакомпания «Волга-Днепр» стала первым заказчиком нового варианта, подписав контракт на один экземпляр в июле 2003 г. Прототип Ан-124-100М RA-82801 покинул цеха «Авиастара» 16 марта 2004 г. и месяц спустя, 11 апреля, совершил первый полет.
Будущее производство
Когда в 2004 г. производство Ан-124 прекратилось, к тому моменту было выпущено 56 планеров. В настоящее время в строю остается 38 «бортов». 24 из них принадлежат и эксплуатируются гражданскими операторами, а 14, как сообщается, находятся в составе ВВС России. Из оставшихся 18 выпущенных самолетов 13 в настоящее время находятся на хранении, а пять были списаны после летных происшествий.
Еще в сентябре 2004 г. правительства России и Украины заявили о возобновлении производства; вариант Ан-124-100М должен был выпускаться совместно «Авиастаром» и «Авиантом» в период 2006-2020 гг. В июле 2008 г. авиакомпания «Волга-Днепр» выразила заинтересованность в покупке у Объединенной авиастроительной корпорации 40 Ан-124-100М-150 начиная с 2011 г. и на период до 2027 г.
К октябрю 2010 г. ОАК сообщила, что имеет 62 заказа на новые «Русланы». Однако к середине 2011 г. украинский производитель двигателей Д-18Т АО «Мотор Сич» заявил о том, что возобновление производства перенесено на 2016 г., ссылаясь на финансовые трудности и загруженность Ульяновского завода. В то же время на «Авиастаре» проходили ремонт и модернизацию оставшиеся российские Ан-124. 20 июля 2011 г. последний экземпляр, принадлежавший и эксплуатировавшийся компанией «Полет», завершил ремонт и был передан летному центру компании для прохождения предпродажных испытаний.
Возобновление производства Ан-124 остается под вопросом — нет никаких свидетельств того, что подписан хотя бы один контракт, но официально программа не считается закрытой. Имеется ряд оснований полагать, что контракт со стороны министерства обороны России объемом от 10 до 20 Ан-124 продвигается вперед вместе с программой модернизации оставшихся в ВВС самолетов. По мнению некоторых экспертов, подписание этого контракта может послужить выходом из тупика и дать начало серийному производству. С учетом прогнозов по росту рынка тяжелых и негабаритных грузов в ближайшие 20 лет будет наблюдаться повышенный спрос на Ан-124, оснащенных самыми современными технологиями и интегрированными системами.
Существующие гражданские операторы Ан-124
Эксплуатант |
Регистрационный номер |
Заводской номер |
Модификация |
Год поставки |
Авиалинии Антонова |
UR-82007 |
19530501005 |
Ан-124-100 |
1993 |
UR-82008 |
19530501006 |
Ан-124-100М-150 |
1993 |
|
UR-82009 |
19530501007 |
Ан-124-100М-150 |
1994 |
|
UR-82027 |
19530502288 |
Ан-124-100 |
1993 |
|
UR-82029 |
19530502630 |
Ан-124-100 |
1993 |
|
UR-82072 |
9773053359136 |
Ан-124-100 |
1999 |
|
UR-82073 |
0773054359139 |
Ан-124-100 |
1999 |
|
Libyan Air Cargo |
SA-DKL |
19530502761 |
Ан-124-100 |
2001 |
DA-DKN |
19530502792 |
Ан-124-100 |
2004 |
|
Полет |
RA-82068 |
9773051359127 |
Ан-124-100 |
2004 |
RA-82075 |
9773053459147 |
Ан-124-100 |
1994 |
|
RA-82077 |
9773054459151 |
Ан-124-100 |
1995 |
|
RA-82080 |
9773051462162 |
Ан-124-100 |
2004 |
|
Волга-Днепр |
RA-82042 |
9773054055093 |
Ан-124-100 |
1993 |
RA-82043 |
9773054155101 |
Ан-124-100 |
1992 |
|
RA-82044 |
9773054155109 |
Ан-124-100 |
1992 |
|
RA-82045 |
9773052255113 |
Ан-124-100 |
1993 |
|
RA-82046 |
9773052255117 |
Ан-124-100 |
1993 |
|
RA-82047 |
9773052259121 |
Ан-124-100 |
1993 |
|
RA-82074 |
9773052259142 |
Ан-124-100 |
1999 |
|
RA-82078 |
9773052259153 |
Ан-124-100 |
1996 |
|
RA-82079 |
9773052062157 |
Ан-124-100 |
2000 |
|
RA-82081 |
9773052062165 |
Ан-124-100М |
2004 |
|
Maximus Air Cargo |
UR-ZYD |
19530502843 |
Ан-124-100 |
2004 |
Оригинал публикации: A Russian Giant — Airliner World, December 2012, Barry Woods-Turner
Перевод Андрея Фролова
Так и остался нераскрытым деликатный вопрос: кто кого копировал. Похоже, наши срисовали Ан-124 с С5, а не наоборот.
Ну и совсем уж фантастически звучит объяснение катастрофы 13 октября 1992-го года. Если столкновение с птицей способно вызвать разрушение носового обтекателя, то все остальные Русланы тоже уже рухнули бы. Есть более внятные объяснения, главное из которых — конструкторский просчёт при испытаниях. Кстати, вот репортаж с того места: http://www.scooter-club.com.ua/forum/index.php/topic/5768-ur-82002/
А что именно Антонов скопировал? Схему подвески двигателей на пилонах? Так она не является американским ноу-хау, ибо впервые была применена в перспективных разработках реактивных бомбардировщиков Люфтваффе в конце Второй мировой. Что же еще? Да ничего более.
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