По данным Стокгольмского института исследования проблем мира (SIPRI), Россия сохраняет за собой второе место в мировом рейтинге продавцов вооружений после США. Можно сказать, что производство и продажа оружия на экспорт остаются в числе немногих эффективно работающих секторов переживающей тяжелый кризис российской экономики. Однако при этом у российской «оборонки» множество проблем, связанных с западными санкциями, разрывом кооперационных связей с Украиной, скандальной историей с «Мистралями». О достижениях и проблемах отрасли «Новые Известия» побеседовали с членом общественного совета Минобороны РФ, исполнительным директором Союза российских оружейников, руководителем Центра анализа стратегий и технологий Русланом ПУХОВЫМ.
– Куда вообще идет российское оружие и меняется ли круг его покупателей?
– Основными покупателями наших вооружений в последние несколько лет были Индия, Алжир, Вьетнам, Венесуэла, Ирак и Китай. Если говорить о последних изменениях в этой сфере, то тут надо отметить внезапное появление в числе крупных покупателей Ирака, причем в прошлом году эта страна даже вышла на второе место по объему поставок после Индии. Кроме того, явно растет спрос со стороны африканских стран, ранее никогда не практиковавших крупные покупки оружия. Но сейчас такие государства, как Уганда, Камерун, Ангола, закупают у России вооружения на сотни миллионов долларов.
– Как отразились на экспорте вооружений западные санкции, в том числе запрет на поставку в Россию технологий двойного назначения? И повлиял ли на него разрыв кооперационных связей с Украиной?
– Мне неизвестны конкретные случаи срыва экспортных контрактов из-за остановки кооперации с Украиной, но теоретически таковые могут быть в сегментах авиационных средств поражения, вертолетостроения и кораблестроения. Но мне кажется, что украинское эмбарго не распространяется в большинстве случаев на экспортные сделки, а касается только производства вооружения и военной техники в интересах российских силовых ведомств. То же самое относится и к воздействию на наш рынок вооружений западных санкций.
– Как можно оценить скандальную ситуацию с «Мистралями» – кто в итоге выиграл, а кто проиграл?
– На мой взгляд, проиграли обе стороны. Я всегда был сторонником приобретения «Мистралей» российским ВМФ, хотя согласен с мнением некоторых моих коллег, что эти корабли не являются приоритетом по сравнению с закупками сторожевых кораблей, тральщиков и подводных лодок. Тем не менее убежден, что сбалансированный флот должен иметь в своем составе средства дальней проекции силы. Однако потери России в результате аннулирования сделки меньше, чем французские издержки. В конце концов, свои деньги Россия назад получила: если верить моим французским источникам, сумма возврата составила 1,168 миллиарда долларов. Опыт сотрудничества с французскими корабелами также получен. При этом мы избежали рисков, связанных с эксплуатацией этих кораблей. Например, никто не представлял себе полную стоимость такой эксплуатации. А в нынешней экономической ситуации это далеко не праздный вопрос. Франция же понесла серьезные финансовые и имиджевые потери. Помимо уже возвращенных средств, французам надо будет тратиться на поддержание в нормальном состоянии обоих «Мистралей». Французским ВМС эти корабли не нужны, а продать их на экспорт будет очень непросто.
– Как строится наше военно-техническое сотрудничество с Сирией, Ираном и другими режимами, имеющими непростые отношения с Западом?
– Понятно, что после трех лет гражданской войны почти уже уничтоженная как государство Сирия не имеет ресурсов для закупок дорогих авиационных платформ и новых систем ПВО. По этой причине не состоялись даже передачи уже законтрактованных и частично оплаченных вооружений – истребителей МиГ?29М и ЗРС С-300ПМУ. Думаю, сейчас сирийцам более всего нужны боеприпасы, патроны, легкое и стрелковое вооружение, средства связи и беспилотники. Полагаю, в некоторых из этих сегментов сотрудничество России с Сирией имеет место. Что касается Ирана, то, как известно, в отношении этой страны действует эмбарго Совета Безопасности ООН на поставки вооружений. В настоящее время обсуждается вопрос о возобновлении проекта по продаже в Иран наших зенитных ракетных систем, которые не подпадают под эмбарго ООН. Вероятно, в ближайшее время соответствующий контракт будет заключен. Что же касается перспектив военно-технического сотрудничества России с Ираном после снятия ограничений ООН, то, боюсь, привилегированным партнером Тегерана в этой области станет Пекин, а не Москва.
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